浊酒大人，你说的每一句话我都同意~~亲~~
又找到一篇文章，还没来得及看，先贴出来：
Here is some information I nicked from kB a while back, in an effort to learn more about the crusades, and the KoH subject matter in particular. I'm sorry that I don't have on hand the origins for all of this material. A few paragraphs are the same as what you've posted, laconejita, but I won't break it up since the flow is pretty good. It's the super-long extended dance version, though, so grab some snacks and settle in.
To wit:
QUOTE
The conquest of the holy city of Jerusalem was the inevitable sequel to the extermination of the Christian army at Hattin. The restoration of this most holy site, and particularly the recapture of the Dome of the Rock, was the immediate goal of the victorious forces of Islam.
Nothing stood between Saladin at Hattin and total victory with the seizure of Jerusalem, except one knight.
Balian of Ibelin had escaped death at Hattin. He had fled in the company of Raymond of Tripoli. Now he begged Saladin's permission to go to Jerusalem to rescue his wife Queen Maria Comnena and their children. The Sultan granted this, on condition that Balian would no longer bear arms against him.
Once in the city, however, Balian was begged to succour his fellow Christians.
A man of honour, he asked for Saladin's advice: Saladin in turn relieved him of his obligation. And as Balian was busy arranging the defences, Saladin organized an escort for the wife of the new commander of the Christian army to return safely to Tyre.
Supported by a handful of knights and sixty freshly knighted burghers, Balian led a hopeless resistance.
Amongst the civilians who took up arms to assist the defence was at least one woman. Her name was Margaret of Beverley, who had been born while her parents were on pilgrimage to the Holy Land. Once she had reached adulthood she had retraced her parents' footsteps to the East and was caught up in the siege.
In her own words, she defended the city like a man, wearing a cooking pot as a helmet, and carrying water to the men. A missile boulder wounded her with fragments. But she survived to tell her tale and to establish herself as a remarkable woman warrior.
Saladin's army drew up outside the walls of Jerusalem on September 20. Nine days later, it was all over.
Balian's miniature army had fought with the dogged desperation of those who were beyond hope. But the Saracens outnumbered them, and had tunnelled beneath the ramparts. The fall of Jerusalem was imminent, and with that knowledge must have come the memories of what had happened the last time its defences had been breached. For the non combatants - the women and children - the worst was surely yet to come.
Balian distinguished himself with his coolness and ferocity at the last throw of the dice.
He led a deputation to Saladin begging quarter: Saladin replied only that he would return evil for evil.
Balian begged, humbling and degrading himself before the inflexible Sultan, who had not wished to attack the Holy City, but now that it was done, intended to fire out its population to the last man and woman.
Balian then made one of the most inspired speeches in military history. It was recorded by Saladin's historian, Ibn al Athir:
Know then, O Sultan, that we are infinite in number and that God alone can guess what our number is.
The inhabitants are reluctant to fight, because they hope for quarter, such as you have granted to so many others. They fear death and cling to life; but once death becomes inevitable, I swear by the God who hears us, we shall kill our women and our children, we shall burn our riches and we shall not leave you a single coin.
You will find no more women to reduce to slavery, or men to put in irons.
We shall destroy the Dome of the Rock and the Mosque al Aqsa and all the holy places.
We shall slaughter all the Moslems, to the number of five thousand, imprisoned in our walls.
We shall not leave a single beast of burden alive.
We shall come out against you, and we shall fight like people fighting for their lives.
For one of us who perishes, many of yours will fall.
We shall die free, or we shall triumph with glory.
Saladin was convinced, or at least was eager to take a path that saved both bloodshed and honour. His conditions were severe but remarkably favourable to the Christians.
The Sultan demanded ten gold dinars for each man, the same per two women, and the same amount for every ten children. Some could pay, many were unable to do so. At last, Saladin accepted a down payment of 30,000 dinars from Balian for the seven to eighteen thousand poor people of Jerusalem.
The entry to the Holy City took place on October 2, 1187, the anniversary of the very day on which Mohammed was thought to have been transported from Mecca to Jerusalem and thence to Paradise.
Alas, the occasion of religious fervour turned into a veritable meat market, as the haggling began over the payment of ransoms for the better off. The leaders became embarassed at the sight of the thousands of families patiently queuing to pay their ransoms, and so some of the sheiks and Balian began to pay for hundreds at a time, from their own purses. Even the venial Patriarch grudgingly agreed to buy off 700. This proved merely a distraction to his main aim: he fled the city soon afterwards with cart loads of jewellery and other treasure. According to Ibn al Athir, he took with him the treasures of the Dome of the Rock, the Mosque al Aqsa, the Church of the Resurrection, plus an equal quantity of money.
Saladin was asked by his sheikhs to intervene and relieve the despicable prelate of his burden, but the Sultan declined, confining his tax to the agreed ten dinar.4 Alas, the insults of Islam were too often wasted on the sensibilities of the Christians.
Saladin then freed the remainder of the poor, and restored the captive knights of Hattin to their wives. To the widows he paid a lump sum for the loss of their husbands in battle.
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The Arabic accounts give us general information about Salah al- Din's attack on Jerusalem, but they fail to identify the exact locations of some of his battles and other important information about the Latins in the city, as well as about Salah al-Din's contacts with the Arab-Christian community in Jerusalem. In order to complete this picture we will utilize the chronicle of Ernoul (Chroniquc d'Er- noul). Ernoul (d. A.D. 1230) was the squire of Balian of Ibelin, the Latin leader who negotiated the surrender of Jerusalem to Salah al- Din. He was an eyewitness to the battle of Jerusalem and provides insight into what was happening within the walled city,.
Jerusalem, the capital of the Latin kingdom, had suffered a great loss of manpower as a result of Hittin. Among those captured or killed were the king, Gui of Lusignan; his counsellors; his brother Amaury, the constable of the kingdom; the grand masters of the Templars and the Hospitallers, and a large number of the knights of these two military orders. The only surviving leaders, who fled the battle to safety through Muslim lines, were Raymond of Tripoli, Reynold of Sidon, and Balian of Ibelin (referred to in Arabic sources as Balian Ibn Barzan). These men had enjoyed friendly relations with Salah al-Din and were suspected by the Latins of complicity with him. Of the three, the most important for our discussion is Balian.
Ernoul indicates that a delegation of citizens from Jerusalem went to see Salah al-Din on the day he took 'Asqalan (Jumada al-Thani, A.H. 583/September, A.D. 1187) to ask for a peaceful solution for Jerusalem. On the day of the meeting there was an eclipse of the sun, which the Latin delegates considered to be a bad omen. Never- theless, Salah al-Din offered them generous terms for the city: They were to be allowed to remain in the city temporarily, they were to retain the land within a radius of five leagues around it, and they were to receive the supplies they needed from Salah al-Din. The settlement was to remain valid until Pentecost. If the citizens of Jerusalem could obtain external help, they would remain rulers of the city; if not, they were to surrender it and remove themselves to Christian lands.
According to Ernoul, the delegation rejected this offer, saying they would never give up the city in which "the Lord died for them." Salah al-Din then vowed to take Jerusalem by force and started his march against the city.
It seems most probable that there was more than one contact between Salah al-Din and the authorities in Jerusalem, the first being in Tyre. 'Imad al-Din informs us that while at Tyre Salah al-Din summoned King Gui and the grand master of the Templars and promised both of them freedom if they helped him secure the surrender of other cities. These two did in fact later help him to secure the surrender of 'Asqalan and Gaza. Salah al-Din may at the same time also have contacted Balian of Ibelin, who was already in Tyre, and asked him to secure the surrender of Jerusalem. Ernoul mentions that while Salah al-Din was in Tyre, Balian sought his permission to go to Jerusalem in order to rescue his wife, Maria Comnena, as well as other members of his family and their possessions. Salah al-Din granted him permission to go to Jerusalem on the condition that he not bear weapons against him and that he spend only one night there.
In so doing, Salah al-Din must have hoped to use Balian as his chief negotiator for the surrender of Jerusalem. Balian ultimately did negotiate the surrender of the city, but only after he had broken his agreement with Salah al-Din and played a dramatic role in its defence.
After arriving in Jerusalem, Balian was pressed by the patriarch to remain there and to mobilize the population for its defence. At first Balian resisted, insisting that he would adhere 10 his commitment to Salah al-Din. But at the insistence ol the patriarch, who absolved him of his oath, Balian finally consented to accept the leadership of the city. His rank among the Latins was, according to Ibn al-Athir, analogous to that of a king.
Balian began immediately to consolidate the Latin forces and plan the defence of the city. According to Latin sources, he found only two knights in the city who had survived Hittin. Thus, to make up for the shortage of male fighters, he knighted fifty sons of the nobility. According to Runciman, he knighted every boy of noble origin who was over sixteen years of age; he also knighted sixty burgesses. Since money was scarce, Balian, with the blessing of the Patriarch Heraclius, stripped the silver from the roof of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre and used it, along with some church funds and money that King Henry II of England had sent to the Hospitallers, to produce a currency. He then distributed arms to every able-bodied man in the city.
As the undisputed ruler of Jerusalem, Balian is most likely to have contacted Salah al-Din once again regarding Jerusalem at 'Asqa- lan. According to Latin sources, Balian wrote him at 'Asqalan to apologize for having broken his agreement and to ask his forgiveness, which Salah al-Din gave.2
No one knows the nature of the secret correspondence between the two leaders, but the terms that Ernoul alleges Salah al-Din to have proposed, regarding the fate of Jerusalem, seem doubtful. Salah al-Din was by then well aware that Jerusalem would not be able to hold out against him for long, especially since he had isolated it almost completely. Nor would he have allowed a situation to develop in Jerusalem such as that in Tyre, which had become the centre of resistance against his forces. Furthermore, even before the capture of 'Asqalan, Salah al-Din had written to the caliph and to other relatives announcing his intention to capture the city. In one letter he stated, "The march to Jerusalem will not be delayed, for this is precisely the right time to liberate it."
Ibn al-Athir's account of the battle is more detailed. According to him, on the night of 20 Rajab, A.H. 53/25 September, A.D. 1187 Salah al-Din installed his mangonels, and by morning his machinery was functional. The Latins also installed their mangonels on the wall and started to fire their catapults. Both sides fought bravely, each considering its struggle to bc in defence of its faith. The Latin cavalry left the city daily to engage in combat with Salah al-Din's forces, and both sustained casualties.
In one of these battles a Muslim commander, 'Izz al-Din 'Isa Ibn Malik, was martyred by the Latins. His death so grieved the Muslims that they charged the Latins vehemently, forcing them away from their positions and pushing them back into the walls of the city. The Muslims crossed the moat and reached the wall. Sappers prepared to destroy it while archers gave them cover, and mangonels continued bombarding the Latins to drive them away from the wall so the sappers could complete their work. When the wall had been breached, sappers filled it witll wood.
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楼主: 风语冰音
发表于 2004-4-3 21:16:08
楼主
发表于 2004-4-3 22:09:55
